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Poultry farming requires careful attention to the health and well-being of the birds. Effective health management is crucial for the success and profitability of a poultry farm. It involves prevention, identifying, and management of health issues that can affect the flock. Proper health management practices help farmers to optimize growth and productivity of their birds, as well as minimize the risk of disease outbreaks.

READ MORE: Impact Of Ammonia And Humidity On Poultry

Common Health Issues in Poultry and their Impact
Poultry birds can be susceptible to a variety of health issues, which can have a significant impact on their overall well-being and productivity. Some of the common health issues in poultry include respiratory infections, digestive disorders, parasitic infestations, and viral diseases. These health problems can lead to decreased growth rates, reduced egg production, poor feed conversion, and increased mortality rates. It is essential for poultry farmers to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of these health issues and take appropriate measures to prevent and treat them.

READ MORE: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS BY POULTRY FARMERS

Health Management Plan
The following health management plan is required in poultry farming;

  1. Biosecurity Measures
  2. Vaccination
  3. Regular Health Monitoring
  4. Proper Nutrition
  5. Parasite Control
  6. Waste Management
  7. Establishment of clear plan for disease outbreaks.

READ MORE: NOILER FARMING

In Conclusion, Effective health management is critical for the success and profitability of poultry farming. By implementing a step-by-step approach to health management, poultry farmers can create a thriving and profitable poultry farm.

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Introduction 

In poultry farming, The presence of ammonia gas released by uric acid decomposition in bird droppings is referred to as the litter ammonia level. Relative humidity, on the other hand, refers to the amount of moisture in the air.

Maintaining adequate humidity levels is critical for preventing pathogen growth and infection. Ammonia levels and humidity in poultry houses are interconnected. High relative humidity can exacerbate the adverse effects of high blood ammonia levels in poultry. In humid environments, more ammonia may be dissolved in the air droplets and inhaled into the blood during respiration by birds, consequently increasing the blood ammonia content.

When ammonia gas is exposed to moisture, it reacts and forms a corrosive solution called ammonium which causes harm to birds. Additionally, high humidity can hinder the evaporation of moisture from the litter, causing it to retain more ammonia.

Harmful Effects on Poultry
1. Respiratory Issues
2. Foot Lesions
3. Eye Lesions
4. Reduced performance

5. Increase in Mortality 

Prevention 
Harmful effects of ammonia can be prevented with farm management like dietary management, stocking density, proper ventilation, house temperature and litter management.

In conclusion, the combined impact of ammonia and humidity in the world of poultry farming underscores the critical importance of maintaining a balanced and controlled environment for the well-being and productivity of the birds. High ammonia levels in poultry houses can lead to a range of deleterious effects.

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Many of the challenges bedevilling the Nigeria poultry industry e.g. poor quality of chicks by some hatcheries, substandard drugs, break in vaccine cold chain, high level of toxins in feed materials and finished feeds, poor regulation etc., logistics is another major challenge faced by the industry. Movement of birds from one place to another is majorly left in the hands of unlettered and untrained persons who overload their vehicles with the sole aim of profit maximization per trip with little concern about the safety delivery of the products (DOC).

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Day old chicks are very fragile and highly sensitive to stress factors especially heat stress hence the need to handle them with great care during transit. Transporting them from one part of the country to another is really a very sensitive job that requires huge investment to put in place the necessary facilities and to limit stress, ensure their safety arrival and smooth take off on the farms where they will be reared. Apart from the facilities, the personnel who transport chicks need to be properly trained on chicks handling. But in Nigeria little respect is paid to human’s life let alone that of animals. Transit related mortality is inevitable in this clime because of the way and manner chicks are usually handled. No breed of chicks is immune to this menace but broilers and imported turkey poults suffer the greatest because of their body sizes which make them highly susceptible to heat stroke. Apart from this factor, a number of factors also other contributing factors to this problem are:

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1. Terribly high stocking density: As earlier stated, drivers of day old chicks over stock their vehicles with the aim of space and profit optimization not minding the effects of this habit on chicks. This practice prevents proper air circulation during transit causing massive heat buildup within a rather short period of time especially during vehicular breakdown and non-progressive traffic on the road. Within 5-10 minutes of such occurrence, great number of birds will be lost as a result of the heat buildup. Most vehicles used in transporting DOC are not regularly serviced to prevent breakdown on the road

READ ALSO: How To Treat Lice and Mites in Chickens

2. Climatic changes: Season is also another factor that causes huge mortality on transit. During the hot season (OCTOBER – FEBRUARY), drivers of day old chicks face huge challenge in moving birds across the country. Mortality during this period is usually a common thing. The normal thing should have been that the carrying capacity of the vehicles be reduced to allow for better air circulation, but this is never done because farmers might not be willing to pay more for transport of chicks during the season. It is also an established fact that global warming is now a major challenge globally and this has made chicks transportation more challenging in recent times.

READ ALSO: Cannibalism in Poultry

3. Poor quality of chicks supplied by the hatchery: It must be stated that not all transit related chicks’ mortality are the faults of the driver. Despite the carelessness of the majority of drivers, some of them do a really fantastic job. When the quality of chicks supplied by the hatchery is poor (small chicks, dehydrated chicks, sick chicks etc.), such might drop dead on the road because they might not be able to withstand transport stress.

4. Exposure to sun at pick-up centers: Sometimes, the chicks are also exposed to sun rays at pick up centers across the country which will result to mortality. This is not common as most people manning the pick-up centers across the different states are people who have been in the business for years and they are aware of the consequences of leaving chicks in sun.

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5. Mortality from pick up point to the farm: Sometimes in-experience on the part of farmers especially newbies lead to loss of birds on transit but most times this is blamed on the drivers, the hatcheries or the supplier.

6. Failure to pick up chicks on time post arrival: Some farmers also delay their chicks pick up probably due to other engagements. This is a wrong practice. Chicks pick up should be delegated when a farmer’s availability cannot be assured.

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Debeaking is a term in poultry that refers to the act of reducing the length of a bird’s beak, especially layers and turkey. It’s also known as beak trimming. It’s usually done to day old chicks (at hatchery) or between 10-12 weeks of age. Administration of multivitamin in drinking water two days before and two days after debeaking is necessary.

METHODS OF DEBEAKING

  • Infrared: plays the role of treating the chicken’s beak tissue as part of the beak trimming process.
  • The Hot Blade: This machine has an electrically heated blade that cuts off the upper or lower part of the bird’s beak.

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  • Cold Blade: machine does same work as Hot Blade Machine but without heat.
  • Claw Clippers: which is manually used by Farmers to trim the beak of birds.

TIPS TO NOTE IN DEBEAKING

  1. Experienced individuals who are qualified to debeak should be used.
  2. Be careful with them; ensure that the poultry house is calm, no stressing.
  3. The blade of the machine should be hot enough for a quick process to reduce pain.
  4. Administer multivitamins that are rich in vitamin k to timely clotting/healing 2 days before/after.
  5. Ensure to pull the birds’ tongues backwards by holding their throat to avoid serious damage. nostril. 

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Advantages of Debeaking

  1. Injury Reduction: Debeaking can help reduce injuries caused by pecking, cannibalism, and aggression among birds, especially in crowded environments.
  2. Mortality Reduction: By minimizing injuries and cannibalism, debeaking can help reduce mortality rates in poultry flocks.
  3. Improved Feed Conversion: Birds that are not pecking each other excessively may have better feed conversion rates, leading to improved efficiency in poultry production.
  4. Disease Prevention: Reduced injuries from pecking can decrease the likelihood of infections and diseases spreading within the flock.
  5. Better Management: Debeaking can make it easier for poultry farmers to manage their flocks, especially in large-scale operations.

READ ALSO: How to manage your poultry farm during the rainy season

Disadvantages of Debeaking

  1. Pain and Stress: Debeaking is a painful procedure for birds, as it involves cutting through sensitive tissue. This can lead to acute pain and stress for the birds.
  2. Behavioral Problems: Debeaking can disrupt natural behaviors in birds, such as preening, feeding, and social interactions, which can affect their welfare and overall well-being.
  3. Reduced Feeding Efficiency: Birds that have been debeaked may have difficulty picking up and consuming feed properly, leading to reduced feed intake and potentially affecting growth rates.
  4. Heat Stress: Debeaking can affect the bird’s ability to regulate body temperature, especially in hot conditions, which may lead to heat stress and decreased performance.
  5. Ethical Concerns: Debeaking is a controversial practice, with some animal welfare advocates arguing that it is inhumane and unnecessary, and alternative management practices should be implemented to address behavioral issues in poultry.

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Productivity and profitability in poultry farming are enhanced by application of sound principles of bio-security, vaccination and management. Improving efficiency increases the availability of eggs and poultry meat, which leads to increase in profits of the farmers. Improved bio-security and an awareness of the need for appropriate vaccination programs reduces the potential losses caused by both catastrophic and erosive infections in commercial scale farms.

Prevention of Diseases
Prevention of disease in commercial poultry operations requires the application of a coordinated program of biosecurity, vaccination, medication and improved hygiene.

Mechanisms of Disease Transmission: in order to develop control procedures it Is Important to understand the mechanisms by which disease causing pathogens are introduced into commercial poultry farms and how disease agents are disseminated among units.

There are two types of transmission of disease in poultry
Biological transmission and mechanical transmission

Biological transmission: This occurs when the pathogen multiplies in an infected host which transmits the agent when placed in contact with susceptible flocks.

Mechanical transmission: It involves transfer of a pathogen from an infected source or reservoir host to a susceptible flock by contaminated personnel, equipment, insect vectors, rodents, wild birds, or dust carried by wind

Routes of Disease Transmission:

  • Aerosol transmission (through air)
  • Direct contact (biting)
  • Fomite transmission (Through contaminated objects, like feeders, drinkers etc. )
  • Vector-borne transmission (Transmission by vectors like ticks, flies, mosquitoes etc.)
  • Zoonotic transmission (Transmission from Animals to humans )

Mechanism of Disease Transmission

For an animal to come down with an infection, after the causative organism has gained entrance through any route (oral, aerosol direct contact, fomite etc), the microorganism has to:

  • Reach an ineffective dose
  • Overwhelm or subdue the host Immune system (both passive V and acquired immunity, after which the livestock will come down with the infection.

There are five stages of infection process

  • Point of entry
  • Incubation period
  • Prodromal period (Shows Early Symptoms of diseases)
  • Manifestation period
  • Final period (recovery/death) Vaccination

    Vaccination also known as immunization is the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system of an animal in order to produce specific antibodies against viral, bacterial and protozoan diseases. Vaccines are biologicals capable of stimulating immune response towards the production of antibodies. Vaccine confers immunity/protection upon flocks over a specified period of time. Vaccination is a protective device used to prevent the outbreak of many poultry diseases if it is well done. It confers protection upon the flock over a specified period of time.

    Vaccination program or schedule/table helps to know when vaccines will be administered, but in drawing vaccination program the following factors must be considered.
  • Disease prevalence in area of operation.
  • Risk of exposure.
  • Immune status of parent stock (maternal Immunity)
  • Cost of buying and administering vaccine
  • Consequences of adverse vaccine reaction.
  • Availability of specific vaccines.

    However, there is no permanent vaccination schedule suitable for all places and time because of existence and virulence of diseases and availability and use of vaccines.

    There are different types of vaccines e.g. (Gumboro vaccine, Lasota vaccines) Some School of thought will classify vaccines based on the nature of the pathogen from which they are derived, that is viral, bacterial or parasitic. However this does not really give us the understanding of how, vaccines work or should be used.

    Types of Vaccines:

    Based on their mode of action or how they Work, it is more useful to categories vaccines into:

    Attenuated live vaccines: this contain a modified live disease causing agent or antigen, usually adapted from the field for administration either individually ( Mareks disease vaccine, fowl pox Vaccines, etc.) or by mass application (HB1 vaccine, Gumboro vaccine, Lasota vaccines, usually oral preparation)
    Killed or inactivated vaccines: this is mostly used in poultry, it is oil emulsion based. The antigen is suspended in the oil. E.g. ND+ EDS oil vaccine, ND + lBD Oil vaccine etc.

    Routes of Vaccine Administration i.e how vaccines should be administered

    A Wide range of methods of administration of poultry vaccines is available for use both in the hatchery and on farms. All vaccines are approved for use by specific routes and doses. The routes of administration include the following:

    In ovo vaccination at 18 days of incubation to administer Mareks vaccine (advance technology).
  • Post-hatch spray vaccination, in cabinets for mass administration of aerosol vaccines to day old chicks.
  • Parentheral vaccination which include subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, to administer either live or inactivated emulsion vaccines to chicks, growing stock and layers.
  • Wing-web stab to administer live vaccines directly to each bird e. g fowl pox vaccine.
  • Eye drop and intranasal routes suitable for hatchery administration and during brooding of chicks’ e.g HBI.
  • Aerosol administration, using a knapsack or electric sprayer to deliver vaccines to flocks as a coarse spray.
  • Oral or drinking water administration: can be implemented at low cost but is of limited effectiveness against some infections.

    Handling of Vaccines:

    This is an important aspect of vaccination in livestock, it entails how Vaccines are transported from the manufacturer to the end users, a cold chain must be maintained and also the person that is administering the vaccine. A well designed vaccination program will not be effective if vaccine is damaged by improper handling prior to administration. Live vaccines can be inactivated when exposed to adverse conditions. Always store and handle vaccines as recommended by the manufacturer.

    Factors Responsible for Vaccine Break/Failure
  • Wrong Vaccination program
  • Improper Administration and handling
  • Vaccine administration deficiency
  • Maternal antibodies
  • Stress
  • Timing
  • Immunosuppression
  • Management practices
  • Vaccine quality
  • Vaccine modifications
  • Vaccine strains and serotypes

Why Vaccine Break Is a Threat to Biosecurity
Vaccines are supposed to protect animals against diseases, but when animals are not protected they get exposed to the wild organisms, and eventually come down with the infection, which IS likely to spread to in-contact animals and animals in that locality. Also vaccine break can lead to breakout of a more deadly diseases, the vaccine which is supposed to confer immunity will serve as source of infection to the flock or herd. This will in turn spread to livestock in that area.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in Noiler chickens for poultry farming. These unique breeds offer several benefits that make them a popular choice among farmers. From their origin and characteristics to their economic advantages and health benefits, this article explores why Noiler chickens are a valuable addition to any poultry farm. Additionally, we will discuss the environmental impact of Noiler chicken farming and provide practical tips for raising these chickens successfully.

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Understanding Noiler Chickens
Noiler chickens are a hybrid breed that originated in Nigeria. They are the result of a cross between the Nigerian indigenous chicken and the White Plymouth Rock chicken. This careful crossbreeding has created a chicken with exceptional qualities.

Origin and characteristics of Noiler chickens.

The Nigerian indigenous chicken, known for its resilience and ability to survive in challenging environments, has been a staple in local farming for generations. On the other hand, the White Plymouth Rock chicken is renowned for its meat quality and growth rate. By combining these two breeds, breeders aimed to create a chicken that would inherit the best traits from both parents.

READ ALSO: LITTER MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY FARMING (2)

One of the defining characteristics of Noiler chickens is their adaptability to harsh environments. They can thrive in various climatic conditions, making them suitable for a wide range of poultry farms. Whether it’s scorching heat or cold winters, Noiler chickens can withstand the challenges presented by different climates.

Additionally, Noiler chickens have a remarkable growth rate, reaching maturity quicker than many other breeds. This fast growth translates into several economic advantages for farmers. Not only do Noiler chickens require less time and resources to raise, but they also provide a quicker return on investment. This makes them an attractive option for poultry farmers looking to maximize productivity.

READ ALSO: LITTER MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY FARMING (3)

The Difference Between Noiler Chickens and Other Breeds
Compared to other chicken breeds, Noiler chickens offer several unique advantages that set them apart. One of the most significant advantages is their higher feed conversion ratio. This means that Noiler chickens efficiently convert feed into meat, resulting in more weight gain per unit of feed consumed. As a result, farmers can save on feed costs, making Noiler chickens a cost-effective choice for poultry farming.

Furthermore, Noiler chickens are known for their resistance to common poultry diseases. This resistance is a result of their genetic makeup and the careful selection process during breeding. As a result, Noiler chickens are less susceptible to diseases that can often plague other breeds. This reduced risk of disease not only saves farmers from potential losses but also decreases the need for vaccinations and medication. Consequently, farmers can enjoy lower costs and a healthier flock.

READ ALSO: Water Management in Poultry Production

Moreover, the resistance of Noiler chickens to diseases also contributes to the overall sustainability of poultry farming. With fewer diseases to combat, farmers can reduce their reliance on antibiotics and other medications, promoting a more environmentally friendly approach to poultry production.

In conclusion, Noiler chickens are a remarkable breed that combines the best traits of the Nigerian indigenous chicken and the White Plymouth Rock chicken. Their adaptability, fast growth rate, efficient feed conversion, and disease resistance make them an excellent choice for poultry farmers seeking both economic and environmental sustainability.

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There are several factors that impact on growth of a broiler chicken to an appropriate size for the specific market. Here are 10 factors contributing to stunted growth rates in farmed broilers.

1. High stocking density

Birds naturally require minimum available space for feeding, playing, dust bathing and moving around as they grow. This space must be provided on day one. The rule of thumb for fast growing birds is to provide a minimum space of 1 square feet per bird, the more the better.

2. Poor ventilation

Ventilation is introduction of fresh air in the poultry unit and expulsion of stale gases of ammonia, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. It is a good practice to establish minimum ventilation in the units as this will ensure fresh air is always available for better development.

3. Poor lighting

For the first seven days of placement, the birds need 23 hours of light to allow them locate feed and water and stimulate intake. This should then be gradually reduced to ensure broilers have maximum four to six hours of darkness to ensure adequate growth and development. If birds are not attaining target weights, do not introduce darkness, delay until your birds are back to standard weights.

4. Inadequate feed and poor nutrition

If birds are provided with robust feed quality and in adequate amounts with good brooding conditions, the day seven body weight attainment will determine the future slaughter weight target. Do not under feed your birds.

5. Poor chick quality

Buy chicks from reputable sources, a good chick should be clean after hatch, will stand firm, alert, active and free from any deformities. Their navel should be completely healed and should not show red hocks, which is a sign of difficulty in hatching. Chicks of good quality will grow robustly with maximum mortality of 0.5 per cent in the first week.

6. Disease outbreak

Have you done proper cleaning and disinfection of the chicken room (roof, walls, and floor) and the equipment? Did you dispose the old manure far away? Failure to ensure high level of hygiene before next placement is the biggest contributor of stunted growth in broilers due to high viral loads from the previous flocks. After cleaning and disinfection ensure that the house can rest for 14-21 days downtime before restocking.

7. Poor bird welfare

The five freedoms that need to be looked at are a) freedom from hunger and thirst b) freedom from discomfort, c) freedom from injury, pain and disease, d) freedom to express normal behaviour and finally e) freedom from fear and distress.


8. Extreme temperatures

In the first two weeks of a birds’ life, they are not able to regulate their body temperatures. It is therefore important to provide adequate external heat to maintain body temperature of 39-40 degrees centigrade by ensuring the air temperature in week 1 is 32-33 degrees centigrade and gradually decreasing by two degrees every week to stabilise at 26 degrees centigrade by week three. High temperatures will result in low feed intake and poor growth curve. The best source of heat is charcoal or gas.

9. Poor water supply

All chickens require adequate, fresh, cool, clean, and potable drinking water which is regularly treated with chlorine. Birds generally drink water twice as much as the feed they take. If water is of low quality, the intake will be low and subsequently they will not feed well.

10. Vaccination status

Vaccination of donor flocks will ensure maximum protection against common diseases like Reo virus and Gumboro. Similarly, hatchery vaccination of chicks at take-off will guard against most common ailments that retard body growth.

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Poultry theft and pilfering is an increasingly serious and prevalent problem, there are a number of ways to help protect your animals, products, and property and deter thieves. Many of these measures are simple to implement and relatively affordable, especially when compared to the cost of a burglary, so it’s certainly worthwhile. Here are six ways you can protect your farm and property from theft and break-ins.

1: Recruitment process for farm workers.

The process of recruiting farm workers should be treated with the needed attention it deserves. Many farms have ended up employing thieves from a nearby farm simply because they fail to take into account the importance of conducting a background check before staffing. The chances of employing an undeserving worker is very high if adequate back ground check is not conducted.

2: Analyse any weaknesses in your farm security

To start with, you’ll need to analyse your farm’s existing security set-up. Try to think about your land and property from the perspective of a potential thief: for instance, which animals, equipment, livestock, product or supplies are most valuable? Which are most vulnerable? Are there any weaknesses in your security system like non availability of perimeter fencing, broken fences, a compromised security personnel, flimsy gates, or unguarded access points that might be appealing to a thief? By thinking about security from this point of view, you can address the most urgent problems first.

3: Improve Pen locks and doors on the farm buildings.

Strong padlocks and deadbolts are essential on all doors to any buildings or storage units. You should also consider fitting covers to your padlocks to help stop thieves from cutting them open. It may also help to install anti-tampering devices to prevent tampering: these spray criminals with a type of ink which can be detected under a special light, marking them as the culprit.

Remember, even with the strongest lock, a door is only as strong as the hinges. If these are weak, a thief will find it easy to remove the door, so consider fitting reinforced or inverted hinges, which are much harder to tamper with. If a gate or door is not in use very often, you could also consider parking a vehicle or heavy object in front of it to obstruct access to the facility.

4: Install security cameras, alarms and lighting on the farm.

When it comes to protecting your poultry pen, farm outbuildings and other farm equipment, it’s often not enough to just have strong locks and sturdy doors: you need to make sure you have surveillance and intruder alert systems in place, too. These days, there are many cheap security camera systems that can even be viewed from the phone of the farm owner when fully connected. The doors to any buildings should be alarmed, and CCTV should be in place near vulnerable spots or access points most especially at the production pen. Installing security lighting in yards and around buildings can also help to ward off thieves and alert you to any intruders. It is worthy to note that some of this cameras should be installed in secret places with out the farm workers being aware. They will always find a way to circumvent security when they know where it is. However, you may need to remember to place signage warning thieves that your property is protected by CCTV and alarm systems, preferably around the perimeter and near any public roads. Visible deterrents like these will help make any would-be intruders think that your property is going to be more trouble than it’s worth.

5: Consider securing the perimeter.

One of the reasons thieves consider farms an easy target is because the boundaries are often open and unsecured. This is true for many farms in Nigeria either poultry or agricultural farm. Installing additional perimeter fences can help to stop intruders from accessing your land, as will thick, prickly hedges. It’s also a good idea to install higher, more robust gates to help stop thieves from breaking into yards or outbuilding areas.

Most criminals will access your farm using a foot paths, or vehicle so think in terms of blocking every footpath and preventing vehicles from driving into your facility.

Ditches can be a very effective way to stop intruders from driving into your land, although they can be time-consuming and expensive to create.

Increasingly, many farmers are turning to more high-tech forms of security, such as geo-fencing. This uses GPS to create a boundary, which triggers an alarm if a vehicle enters or exits your property. This can be a particularly useful option if your land is too extensive or sprawling for physical fences and hedges to be an option.

6: All workers must be subjected to gate search.

Most poultry theft usually take place with connivance with other farm workers. Commercial egg farms must search their workers when they close for the day at the farm gates. A lot of farm attendants steal farm eggs and other farm produces. However, some of these vices can be curbed if due diligence is carried out. On no account should farm attendants be allowed to leave the farms with kegs, containers and drugs sachet without searching the contents in these materials as many have become the medium through which eggs are siphoned out of the farm.

Farm theft is on the rise, and it’s a major source of anxiety for many farmers. Fortunately, there are a number of measures you can take to improve security, many of which are fairly simple and reasonably affordable to implement. Take these tips on board, and you should be able to ward off intruders and protect your property.

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Ventilation is an important factor that controls the productive performance of birds. Poor ventilation leads to low weight and food conversion rate, as well as respiratory diseases that increase the mortality rate, reduce the immunity of birds and make them susceptible to bacterial and viral diseases and eventually develop respiratory disease Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), which is difficult to treat and causes significant economic losses, and poor ventilation leads to increased incidence of Hock Burn.

READ ALSO: IMPACT OF RODENTS ON POULTRY FARMS

What are the main importance of ventilation in poultry houses?
1. Elimination of many harmful gases in the respiratory system of the bird, such as ammonia and gases resulting from the operation of heaters and replace the proportion of carbon dioxide gas by oxygen to allow birds breath well.
2. Heat distribution inside the poultry houses and get rid of excess heat.
3. Distribution of moisture inside the poultry houses and disposal of excess moisture.
4. Get rid of bad dust.

READ ALSO: POULTRY FARMING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Effects of poor ventilation on the chickens 
1. A lot of respiratory problems such as mycoplasma and many more.
2. Inflammation of the membranes of the eye due to the high proportion of ammonia inside the poultry house for poor ventilation.
3. Stressed strong on the chicks and thus cause the decline of immunity and face diseases and underdevelopment.
4. Little feed intake and idle on the farm.

READ ALSO: SUDDEN DROP IN EGG PRODUCTION

5. High Humidity Within the house and the fungal problems of coccidiosis begin to appear inside the farm.
6. Efficiency of the rate of conversion and food is low and, therefore, we get the weight of a discount.

Effect of good ventilation on the chickens
1. We do not find respiratory problems.
2. Increase the appetite of the bird.
3. Disappearance of the smell of ammonia in the house and reduce the problems of the eye.
4. In the end, the efficiency of the conversion rate rises and we get high weights.

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To achieve more in your poultry farming management, put the following recommendations for easy and lucrative Poultry Farming and Management into practice.

Location and building of poultry farming
Farms should be built distant from the city, away from the city’s hustle and bustle, and away from the city’s pollution. Place or property should be properly chosen where it is well ventilated, has good air circulation, and is accessible by road and transit. To minimize excessive sunlight, the farm’s shelter should be built with an east-west orientation. Adequate room is necessary to avoid congestion; each bird must have 2 square feet of area.

When opposed to the intensive agricultural technique, free-range farming requires greater area. Choosing to build Poultry Farm on your land is great since the danger is lower than on rented land. The site used for farming should have a consistent and clean water supply.

Choosing and breeding healthy chicks
The choice of chick and breed is critical to your profitability. Choose breeds that have a high reproductive capacity as well as are robust and immune. You should be cautious of selecting breeds that are acceptable and adaptable to your climate. You may buy chicks from reputable hatcheries. 

Environmental Hygiene
To provide sufficient ventilation and to minimize ammonia and carbon dioxide accumulation, a space of at least 40 feet should be maintained between each shelter. One should be knowledgeable about keeping farm premises and surroundings clean and disinfected. Ideally, there should be a 10-15 day break between batches to sterilize the location and farm equipment. To avoid illness transmission and contamination, farmers, veterinary physicians’ personnel, and farm visitors should see the young ones first, followed by the older and last infected and weak ones.

To avoid illness transmission, dead and weak birds must be examined regularly and eliminated. Regularly, clean the housing, feed equipment, and drinkers.

Water and Food
Healthy feed tailored to the age of the bird is the key to effective chicken production and health. The quality of the feed used determines the quality of the eggs and poultry produced. According to their age, good quality and balanced feed (based on their protein and nutritional requirements) should be supplied. Modern chicken diets are mostly composed of grains, cereals, oilseeds, protein supplements, and vitamin supplements. Maize and soya beans play an important part in production since 60-70 percent of feed is made up of corn and soy protein.

Layers and broilers feed
The feed supplied to layers and broilers is varied to satisfy their specific nutritional needs. A balanced diet is supplied to meet nutritional needs and to protect one’s health, and it should help one maintain healthy body weight.

Layer feed is designed to meet the needs of egg production and is rich in calcium and protein, contains very little fat as they should not gain unnecessary weight.

Broiler feed demands more energy and protein in their diets because of their rapid growth. A broiler chicken requires vitamin-rich supplements for appropriate growth, as well as a feed rich in protein and fat, which promotes rapid growth and results in soft and healthy chicken. Clean water should be given regularly, and pipelines should be disinfected at regular intervals.

Preventing and managing poultry diseases
Vaccination is critical in the flock’s health management. Vaccines are used to manage and prevent illnesses in poultry. To avoid parasites, birds should be examined for external parasites regularly, and formalin should be sprayed about the shed. Recognizing and treating ill birds, check your birds regularly for any signs of illness or problems within the flock.

Remove unhealthy chickens and other fowl from the main rush and obtain a report from a qualified individual. Once you’ve identified the illness or problem, you may administer the appropriate therapy. Isolate unwell fowls from the rest of the flock until they have completely healed. Separating flocks of different ages. For example, there is an increased danger of disease transmission from older birds to younger birds when introducing younger birds into older birds.

Choosing healthy chicks
Following the strategies outlined above, one might develop a concept for selecting a location and constructing a farm. Choosing healthy chicks is critical in farming. Disease prevention and feed selection are demanding tasks for farmers, thus we give thorough assistance on disease prevention and feed formulation from day one through the finished product.

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